Simulation and Computer-Animated Devices: The New Minimally Invasive Skills Training Paradigm
Complex surgical technologies, restricted resident work hours, and limited case volumes in surgical practice have created new challenges to surgical education. At the same time, maintenance of established skills and development of new skills are becoming increasingly important for surgeons, especially skills related to technically challenging minimally invasive surgical therapies. In addition, minimally invasive therapies are highly dependent on uniquely specialized teams of health care workers. For all of these reasons, simulation is gaining attention in surgical education for the development and refinement of minimally invasive surgical skills and technique. This article summarizes developments and challenges related to simulation in surgical education, especially as it relates to minimally invasive surgical therapies in the field of urology.
aSimulation PeriOperative Resource for Training and Learning, University of Minnesota, D509 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
bDepartment of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, D509 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
cSurgical Education Center, University of California, Irvine, USA
dDepartment of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Building 55, Route 81, Room 302, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, CA 92868-3201, USA
Corresponding author. University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Department of Urology, 101 The City Drive, Building 55, Room 302, Route 81, Orange, CA 92868-3201, USA.
ABSTRACT