Review Article| Volume 41, ISSUE 2, P339-346, May 2014

When is Prostate Cancer Really Cancer?

  • David M. Berman
    Affiliations
    Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, 18 Stuart Street, Botterell 329, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
    Search for articles by this author
  • Jonathan I. Epstein
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 401 North Broadway Street, Room 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231.
    Affiliations
    Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 401 North Broadway Street, Room 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
    Search for articles by this author
Published:February 24, 2014DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2014.01.006

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Urologic Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Hanahan D.
        • Weinberg R.A.
        The hallmarks of cancer.
        Cell. 2000; 100: 57-70
        • Hanahan D.
        • Weinberg R.A.
        Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.
        Cell. 2011; 144: 646-674
        • Egevad L.
        Recent trends in Gleason grading of prostate cancer: I. Pattern interpretation.
        Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2008; 30: 190-198
        • Hedrick L.
        • Epstein J.I.
        Use of keratin 903 as an adjunct in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 1989; 13: 389-396
        • Totten R.S.
        • Heinemann M.W.
        • Hudson P.B.
        • et al.
        Microscopic differential diagnosis of latent carcinoma of prostate.
        AMA Arch Pathol. 1953; 55: 131-141
        • Evans A.J.
        Alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S): overview and potential uses in diagnostic pathology as applied to prostate needle biopsies.
        J Clin Pathol. 2003; 56: 892-897
        • Häggarth L.
        • Hägglöf C.
        • Jaraj S.J.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic biomarkers of prostate cancer.
        Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2011; 45: 60-67
        • Wu C.L.
        • Yang X.J.
        • Tretiakova M.
        • et al.
        Analysis of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (P504S) expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.
        Hum Pathol. 2004; 35: 1008-1013
        • Häggman M.J.
        • Wojno K.J.
        • Pearsall C.P.
        • et al.
        Allelic loss of 8p sequences in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma.
        Urology. 1997; 50: 643-647
        • Prasad M.A.
        • Trybus T.M.
        • Wojno K.J.
        • et al.
        Homozygous and frequent deletion of proximal 8p sequences in human prostate cancers: identification of a potential tumor suppressor gene site.
        Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1998; 23: 255-262
        • Bismar T.A.
        • Yoshimoto M.
        • Vollmer R.T.
        • et al.
        PTEN genomic deletion is an early event associated with ERG gene rearrangements in prostate cancer.
        BJU Int. 2011; 107: 477-485
        • Mosquera J.M.
        • Perner S.
        • Genega E.M.
        • et al.
        Characterization of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and potential clinical implications.
        Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 3380-3385
        • Cooper G.M.
        Elements of human cancer.
        Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston1992
        • Robbins S.L.
        • Kumar V.
        Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease.
        Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia2010
        • Lazebnik Y.
        What are the hallmarks of cancer?.
        Nat Rev Cancer. 2010; 10: 232-233
        • Tran B.
        • Rosenthal M.A.
        Survival comparison between glioblastoma multiforme and other incurable cancers.
        J Clin Neurosci. 2010; 17: 417-421
        • Chinem V.P.
        • Miot H.A.
        Epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma.
        An Bras Dermatol. 2011; 86: 292-305
        • Liu Y.
        Fatty acid oxidation is a dominant bioenergetic pathway in prostate cancer.
        Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006; 9: 230-234
        • Salagierski M.
        • Schalken J.A.
        Molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer: PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion.
        J Urol. 2012; 187: 795-801
        • Robinson B.D.
        • Epstein J.I.
        Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate without invasive carcinoma on needle biopsy: emphasis on radical prostatectomy findings.
        J Urol. 2010; 184: 1328-1333
        • Ahmed H.U.
        • Arya M.
        • Freeman A.
        • et al.
        Do low-grade and low-volume prostate cancers bear the hallmarks of malignancy?.
        Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: e509-e517
        • Lavery H.J.
        • Droller M.J.
        Do Gleason patterns 3 and 4 prostate cancer represent separate disease states?.
        J Urol. 2012; 188: 1667-1675
        • Bostwick D.G.
        • Leske D.A.
        • Qian J.
        • et al.
        Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and well differentiated adenocarcinoma maintain an intact basement membrane.
        Pathol Res Pract. 1995; 191: 850-855
        • Fuchs M.E.
        • Brawer M.K.
        • Rennels M.A.
        • et al.
        The relationship of basement membrane to histologic grade of human prostatic carcinoma.
        Mod Pathol. 1989; 2: 105-111
        • Carvalho F.L.
        • Simons B.W.
        • Antonarakis E.S.
        • et al.
        Tumorigenic potential of circulating prostate tumor cells.
        Oncotarget. 2013; 4: 413-421
        • Priolo C.
        • Agostini M.
        • Vena N.
        • et al.
        Establishment and genomic characterization of mouse xenografts of human primary prostate tumors.
        Am J Pathol. 2010; 176: 1901-1913
        • Bonkhoff H.
        • Wernert N.
        • Dhom G.
        • et al.
        Distribution of basement membranes in primary and metastatic carcinomas of the prostate.
        Hum Pathol. 1992; 23: 934-939
        • Pföhler C.
        • Fixemer T.
        • Jung V.
        • et al.
        In situ hybridization analysis of genes coding collagen IV alpha1 chain, laminin beta1 chain, and S-laminin in prostate tissue and prostate cancer: increased basement membrane gene expression in high-grade and metastatic lesions.
        Prostate. 1998; 36: 143-150
        • Liu W.
        • Laitinen S.
        • Khan S.
        • et al.
        Copy number analysis indicates monoclonal origin of lethal metastatic prostate cancer.
        Nat Med. 2009; 15: 559-565
        • Mehra R.
        • Tomlins S.A.
        • Yu J.
        • et al.
        Characterization of TMPRSS2-ETS gene aberrations in androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer.
        Cancer Res. 2008; 68: 3584-3590
        • Sowalsky A.G.
        • Ye H.
        • Bubley G.J.
        • et al.
        Clonal progression of prostate cancers from Gleason grade 3 to grade 4.
        Cancer Res. 2012; 73: 1050-1055
        • Cheng L.
        • Slezak J.
        • Bergstralh E.J.
        • et al.
        Dedifferentiation in the metastatic progression of prostate carcinoma.
        Cancer. 1999; 86: 657-663
        • Merrill M.M.
        • Lane B.R.
        • Reuther A.M.
        • et al.
        Tumor volume does not predict for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients with surgical Gleason score 6 or less prostate cancer.
        Urology. 2007; 70: 294-298
        • Epstein J.I.
        • Carmichael M.J.
        • Partin A.W.
        • et al.
        Small high grade adenocarcinoma of the prostate in radical prostatectomy specimens performed for nonpalpable disease: pathogenetic and clinical implications.
        J Urol. 1994; 151: 1587-1592
        • Berney D.M.
        Low Gleason score prostatic adenocarcinomas are no longer viable entities.
        Histopathology. 2007; 50: 683-690
        • Ross H.M.
        • Kryvenko O.N.
        • Cowan J.E.
        • et al.
        Do adenocarcinomas of the prostate with Gleason score (GS) ≤6 have the potential to metastasize to lymph nodes?.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2012; 36: 1346-1352
        • Eggener S.E.
        • Scardino P.T.
        • Walsh P.C.
        • et al.
        Predicting 15-year prostate cancer specific mortality after radical prostatectomy.
        J Urol. 2011; 185: 869-875
        • Carter H.B.
        • Partin A.W.
        • Walsh P.C.
        • et al.
        Gleason score 6 adenocarcinoma: should it be labeled as cancer?.
        J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30: 4294-4296
        • Nickel J.C.
        • Speakman M.
        Should we really consider Gleason 6 prostate cancer?.
        BJU Int. 2012; 109: 645-646
        • Pierorazio P.M.
        • Walsh P.C.
        • Partin A.W.
        • et al.
        Prognostic Gleason grade grouping: data based on the modified Gleason scoring system.
        BJU Int. 2013; 111: 753-760
        • Moyer V.A.
        Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement.
        Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157: 120-134
        • Wilt T.J.
        • Brawer M.K.
        • Jones K.M.
        • et al.
        Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer.
        N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 203-213
        • Cooperberg M.R.
        • Broering J.M.
        • Carroll P.R.
        Time trends and local variation in primary treatment of localized prostate cancer.
        J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28: 1117-1123
        • Esserman L.J.
        • Thompson Jr., I.M.
        • Reid B.
        Overdiagnosis and overtreatment in cancer: an opportunity for improvement.
        JAMA. 2013; 310: 797-798
        • Robey R.B.
        Changing the terminology of cancer.
        JAMA. 2014; 311: 202-203
        • Epstein J.I.
        • Feng Z.
        • Trock B.J.
        • et al.
        Upgrading and downgradingofprostatecancer frombiopsy to radical prostatectomy: incidence and predictive factors using the modified Gleason grading systemand factoring in tertiary grades.
        Eur Urol. 2012; 61: 1019-1024
        • Davies J.D.
        • Aghazadeh M.A.
        • Phillips S.
        • et al.
        Prostate size as a predictor of Gleason score upgrading in patients with low risk prostate cancer.
        J Urol. 2011; 186: 2221-2227
        • Kvåle R.
        • Møller B.
        • Wahlqvist R.
        • et al.
        Concordance between Gleason scores of needle biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens: a population-based study.
        BJU Int. 2009; 103: 1647-1654